Table 1. Technologies for discriminating livestock species and type of meat

Species	Sorting type	Sorting methods	Targets	References
Bovine	Breed	PCR	Hanwoo, Holstein	Nam et al. (2004)
	Breed	NGS	Hanwoo, Holstein	Han et al. (2018)
	Breed	SNP, NGS	Hanwoo, Ankole, N'Dama, Ogaden, Boran, Kenya Boran, Holstein, Jersey, Angus	Cho et al. (2014)
	Meat quality	E-tongue	Angus, Buffalo, Hungarian Grey, Hungarian Spotted cattle, Hostein	Surányi et al. (2021)
	Age	SPR	Hanwoo	Jang et al. (2014)
	Meat cut	2D gel electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF MS/MS	Hanwoo	Lee et al. (2010)
	Meat grade	NIR machine learning (CNN)	Hanwoo	Seo et al. (2019)
	Spoiled	E-nose, ANN	Beef	Panigrahi et al. (2006)
	Frozen	REIMS	Beef	He et al. (2021)
	Frozen	Enzyme	Hanwoo	Han et al. (2005)
Porcine	Breed	SNP, PCR	Iberico (bellota, cebo de campo, cebo), Berkshire, Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc, Korean native pig, Wild pig, Spainish pic, Jeju pig	Cha et al. (2019)
	Breed meat quality	PCR	Korean native pig × Landrace × Duroc	Park et al. (2021)
	Frozen	Enzyme	-	Toldrá et al. (1991)
Chicken	Breed	SNP	Korean native chicken, Broiler, laying hens	Lee et al. (2019)
	Spoiled	MALDI-TOF MS	Broiler	Höll et al. (2016)
	Spoiled	CNN	Broiler	Putra and Prakasa (2020)
	Frozen	NIR	Broiler	Liu et al. (2004)
Multiple	Species	PCR	Cattle, pig, sheep, goat, horse, deer	Park et al. (2012)
	Species	PCR	Cattle, pig, chicken, duck, sheep, goat, horse, dog, turkey, goose	Koh et al. (2010)
	Species	NIR	Cattle, pig, chicken	Nolasco-Perez et al. (2019)
	Species	MasSpec Pen	Cattle, pig, chicken, lamb, venison, cod, halibut, Atlantic salmon, sockeye slamon, steelhead trout	Gatmaitan et al. (2021)
	Species	LC-MS/MS	Cattle, pig, sheep	Buckley (2016)
	Species	LC-MS/MS	Cattle, pig, chicken, duck	Kim et al. (2017)
	Spoiled	E-nose Random forest algorithm	-	Hanif et al. (2022)

PCR, polymerase chain reaction; NGS, next-generation sequencing; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; E-tongue, electronic tongue; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight; NIR, near infrared; CNN, convolutional neural network; E-nose, electronic nose; ANN, artificial neural network; REIMS, rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry.